\[\text {Effective Memory Access Time} =\text {Hit Rate}\text {Hit time}+\text {Miss Rate} \times\text {Miss Panelty}\]
\[\begin{array}{c}\text { Average Instruction } \\ \text { Execution time in a k - stage pipeline }\end{array}=\left(\begin{array}{c}\text { Clock cycle time } \\ \text { of pipeline }\end{array}\right)+(\text { Stall Time }) \times( Stall Frequency\]